Fury, confusion and gratitude as climate deal reached in Belé – as it happened

10.48pm GMT Final day of Cop30 - recapped That’s all from our live coverage of the final day of Cop30 from Belém. It’s been quite a ride. You can read a full analysis of the outcomes from this climate summit from the Guardian’s Fiona Harvey, Jonathan Watts, Damien Gayle and Damian Carrington who have all been on the ground in Brazil (they’ve done some incredible reporting, and I’m not just saying that because they’re my colleagues). Before we sign off, here’s what happened today. Nations agreed to tripled funding for climate adaptation but the goal of about US$120bn a year was pushed back to 2035. Petrostates like Saudi Arabia successfully fought to keep out any mention of fossil fuels in the final agreement. About 90 countries committed to a voluntary agreement to develop roadmaps to transition away from fossil fuels. Attempts to make the step a formal part of the UN process failed. There was drama when the main plenary meeting was stopped after countries complained the Cop chair, André Corrêa do Lago, was gavelling through texts without letting countries speak. He later apologised. The UN’s chief climate envoy Simon Stiell said: “I’m not saying we’re winning the climate fight. But we are undeniably still in it, and we are fighting back.” An “accelerator” programme was established to encourage nations to do more.It will report back to next year’s Cop to be held in Turkey. All nations agreed to the “Just Transition Mechanism” – a step to ensure moved to a green economy are fair for all peoples, but there was no funding attached to it. You can stay on top of all our Cop30 coverage here. That’s all from us. Thanks for being with us. We’ll do it all again in Antalya, Turkey, next year! 10.15pm GMT Indigenous peoples give mixed review to Cop30 The militarisation of Cop30 shows that Indigenous peoples are still viewed as threats, one Indigenous leader has said, even as he welcomed advances in Indigenous rights in the UN climate summit’s final text. Brazil had styled Cop30 as the “Indigenous Cop” and the “Amazonian Cop”, with an estimated 2,500 people from Indigenous communities attending. But Emil Gualinga, of the Kichwa peoples of Sarayaku, Ecuador said Indigenous participation in the Cop process remained limited. He said: Despite being referred to as an Indigenous COP and despite the historic achievement in the just transition programme, it became clear that Indigenous peoples continue to be excluded from the negotiations, and in many cases, we were not given the floor in negotiation rooms. Nor have most of our proposals been incorporated. The militarisation of the COP shows that Indigenous Peoples are viewed as threats, and the same happens in our territories: militarisation occurs when Indigenous Peoples defend their rights in the face of oil, mining, and other extractive projects. Gualinga welcomed new recognitions of Indigenous people’s land rights. But, he added: We had proposed stronger and more specific language for the Mutirão text, including on the need for full and effective participation in the development and implementation of the NDCs, as well as direct access to financing. Although there were advances, Indigenous participation in the COPs remains limited, and our proposals are included in the decisions only in a few cases. Kleber Karipuna of the Karipuna peoples, Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil (APIB), said the outcome at Cop30 acknowledged the importance of Indigenous people as key actors in confronting the climate emergency, but he called for further strengthening of Indigenous territorial governance. In Brazil alone, 59 million hectares were recognized as areas that must be secured, protected and managed over the next five years as Indigenous lands. We also saw the announcement of a new financial commitment of 1.8 billion dollars to support the way we manage our territories. And Toya Manchineri, of the Manchineri peoples, Coordination of Indigenous Organisations of the Brazilian Amazon (COIAB), said: Indigenous Peoples will remain vigilant, mobilised, and present beyond COP30 to ensure that our voices are respected and that global decisions reflect the urgency we experience in our territories. For some, COP ends today, for us territorial defence in the heart of the Amazon is every day. 10.13pm GMT Firefighters line up for thanks It was only two days ago but it probably feels like a lot longer, but remember the fire that broke out in the Cop pavillion on Thursday in Belem? Some 13 people were treated for smoke inhalation. Some of the firefighters who acted quickly to put out the flames have lined up inside the venue and people are thanking them as they make their way passed. 9.58pm GMT Saudi Arabia and EU share ignominious “colossal fossil” award At each COP the Climate Action Network – a group of almost 2,000 civil society groups in more than 130 countries – gives a “colossal fossil” award to countries they say have held back climate action. This year CAN has handed out the ignominious gong to Saudi Arabia and the European Union – “a rare double win for COP30’s most prestigious dishonour.” Saudi Arabia won for “chiselling away at the foundations of global climate action with alarming consistency” the group said. That included the country’s rejection of a landmark legal opinion from the International Court of Justice on the responsibilities of countries to tackle the climate crisis, CAN said. The European Union took a share in the prize for “spending COP30 showcasing an impressive repertoire of behind-the-scenes obstruction and always coming in too late in the negotiations.” CAN did have nice things to say about Colombia, giving the country its “Ray of the COP” award for the third year running for “its principled, consistent, and steadily rising leadership on the global climate agenda.” 9.28pm GMT Multilateralism survives in Belém, but at the cost of climate ambition, says campaign group If multilateralism has survived at Cop30, it has been at the cost of climate ambition, say European environmental campaigners Bellona, who called the outcome of the UN climate summit “deeply disappointing”. Campaigners with the Oslo-based environmental NGO lamented the jettisoning of the roadmap to tackle fossil fuels and a credible plan to halt deforestation. Mark Preston Aragonès, head of carbon accounting at Bellona, said: Leaving Belém without any substantive follow-up on how to plug the ambition gap between science and existing commitments, and without a plan to halt deforestation nor to transition away from fossil fuels represents a deeply disappointing outcome which raises serious doubts about our collective ability to rise up to the climate challenge. Reaching a consensus is important and means we are fanning the ashes of the Paris Agreement, but staying the course on domestic action will be absolutely vital. The organisation blamed internal struggles in the EU, the absence of the US and a passive role played by China for allowing “Saudi Arabia and other petrostates to hold the world hostage.” Bellona’s founder, Frederic Hauge, said: The outcome from Belém represents a weak consensus, which does not match scientific reality. Coalitions of the willing, such as the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, must be additional to this weak consensus, such that we can go beyond and develop the solutions to the climate crisis. The climate crisis will not wait for us to catch up. 9.23pm GMT Hello from Brisbane. This is Graham Readfearn taking over the blog steering wheel from Ajit Niranjan. There is still a little bit going on in Belem as the reactions start to come in after a deal was agreed a few hours ago. 8.59pm GMT Rich countries failed to finance progress, says Mariana Paoli at Christian Aid: “The elephant in the room was the lack of finance from rich countries to fund the energy transition away from fossil fuels and help vulnerable communities adapt to a climate crisis they have done nothing to create. If rich nations had been willing to meet their finance obligations, a roadmap to phase out fossil fuels would have been on the cards. But without the money that became an impossible task.” Countries are failing their legal duties, says Erika Lennon, at the Center for International Environmental Law': “The truth at Cop30, dubbed the ‘Cop of Truth,’ is that countries are failing their legal duties. The International Court of Justice confirmed that keeping the temperature rise to below 1.5C (2.7F) is a legal benchmark. It’s not a slogan or words on paper, but a necessity for billions, and failure is measured in lives. Without a commitment to a full and equitable fossil fuel phaseout and adequate public climate finance, this Cop30 deal disregards the law. Petrostates and industry lobbyists use the consensus rule to block action and ambition. We now need to reform the UNFCCC so the global majority can act, starting with conflict of interest rules and allowing majority voting.” “Loss and damage” money for recovery after climate disasters has been overlooked, says Sinéad Loughran, at Trócaire: “Cop30’s outcome fails to even acknowledge the stark and devastating neglect of rich, historically-high polluting states to deliver on their loss and damage finance obligations. The Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage remains critically underfunded, resulting in a denial of basic human rights. Communities are facing droughts, floods and other extreme weather events, causing loss of homes, lives and livelihoods, and are owed remedy for this harm.” 8.51pm GMT Celebrations over the new Just Transition mechanism Civil society campaigners have claimed the establishment of a UN-mandated just transition mechanism as a major victory at Cop30, even as they lamented minimal progress on finance to make it happen. The final texts from the UN climate summit in Belém, Brazil, included the backing of a permanent institutional arrangement under the UNFCCC to support countries in their efforts towards a transition away from fossil fuels. While the Paris Agreement acknowledged richer nations that have benefitted the most from fossil fuels bore most responsible for funding the transition away from them, it is the first time the just transition has been codified in the UN climate regime. Campaigners had made the Just Transition, under the slogan of the Belém Action Mechanism, a key demand going in to Cop30 two weeks ago. They received key backing early on when the G77 plus China, a grouping with collectively represents four fifths of the world’s population, supported the call. But as the talks wore on there were fears that opposition from richer countries, concerned that a new mechanism would hand them unwanted financial obligations, would kill the proposal. Five unions and 89 environmental justice, youth and civil society organisations called on the UK government to lift its objections to the proposals. In spite of the reported opposition, in the draft text on Friday appeared a proposal for a just transition mechanism “the purpose of which will be to enhance international cooperation, technical assistance, capacity-building and knowledge sharing, and enable equitable, inclusive just transitions”. It survived the night of frenzied negotiations from which the final text emerged to be gavelled through on Saturday afternoon. Leon Sealey-Huggins, a campaigner with War on Want, said: “We won this because our movements forced a shift from the Global North’s initial refusal to back any new institutional arrangements. Even the UK government moved under huge pressure: in just seven hours, over 40 youth groups and 100 UK organisations and unions backed our calls for the Bam. This mechanism is not the end of the struggle, but it is a vital victory that anchors our fights for justice within the UN.” Romain Ioualalen, Global Policy lead at Oil Change International, said: “Amidst this flawed outcome, there are glimmers of real progress. The Belém Action Mechanism is a major win made possible by movements and Global South countries that puts people’s needs and rights at the centre of climate action.” Updated at 9.22pm GMT 8.46pm GMT How have recent Cops worked out? Cop30 has avoided the collapse of talks but made only small progress towards a world free from the burning of fossils that pump out planet-heating gas. What’s come out of the last few Cops? Here’s what Guardian environment reporters wrote at the nail-biting conclusions of recent summits. Cop29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, in 2024 Rich and poor countries concluded a trillion-dollar deal on the climate crisis in the early hours of Sunday morning, after marathon talks and days of bitter recriminations ended in what campaigners said was a “betrayal”. Under the target the developing world should receive at least $1.3tn (£1tn) a year in funds to help them shift to a low-carbon economy and cope with the impacts of extreme weather, by 2035. But only $300bn of that will come primarily in the form they are most in need of – grants and low-interest loans from the developed world. The rest will have to come from private investors and a range of potential new sources of money, such as possible levies on fossil fuels and frequent flyers, which have yet to be agreed. Cop28 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2023 Nearly 200 countries at the Cop28 climate summit have agreed to a deal that for the first time calls on all nations to transition away from fossil fuels to avert the worst effects of climate change. After two weeks of at times fractious negotiations in the United Arab Emirates, the agreement was quickly gavelled through by the Cop28 president, Sultan Al Jaber, on Wednesday morning. He received an ovation from delegates and a hug from the UN climate chief, Simon Stiell. Despite the urging of more than 130 countries and scientists and civil society groups, the agreement did not include an explicit commitment to phase out or even phase down fossil fuels. Cop27 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, in 2022 Developing countries celebrated on Sunday morning as crucial climate talks ended with a “historic” deal on their most cherished climate goal: a global fund for “loss and damage”, providing financial assistance to poor nations stricken by climate disaster. However, the deal was far from perfect, with several key elements flawed or lacking. Some countries said the commitments on limiting temperatures to 1.5C represented no progress on the Cop26 conference in Glasgow last year, and the language on phasing out fossil fuels was weak. Sameh Shoukry, the Egyptian foreign minister and president of the Cop27 UN climate summit in Egypt, said: “We rose to the occasion. We worked around the clock, day and night, but united in working for one gain, one higher purpose, one common goal. In the end we delivered. We listened to the calls of anguish and despair.” Cop26 in Glasgow, UK, in 2021 Countries have agreed a deal on the climate crisis that its backers said would keep within reach the goal of limiting global heating to 1.5C, the key threshold of safety set out in the 2015 Paris agreement. The negotiations carried on late into Saturday evening, as governments squabbled over provisions on phasing out coal, cutting greenhouse gas emissions and providing money to the poor world. The “Glasgow climate pact” was adopted despite a last-minute intervention by India to water down language on “phasing out” coal to merely “phasing down”. Updated at 8.47pm GMT 8.35pm GMT Cop30 saw a climate movement revitalised, says Jamie Henn, director of Fossil Free Media: “From Indigenous-led demonstrations at the venue to the more than 70,000 people who marched in the streets last weekend, there was a palpable sense of momentum that I haven’t felt for years. After years of Cops hosted in authoritarian countries, Brazil provided the space for civil society groups to come together, unite in common purpose, and strategise for the years ahead. The climate movement will be leaving Belém angry at the lack of progress, but with a clear plan to channel that anger into action. Climate has always been a fight against fossil fuels and that battle is now fully underway.” The new gender action plan is progress, says Hannah Bond, at ActionAid UK: “Climate change could displace up to 158 million more women and girls than men and boys by 2050. The new Belém Gender Action Plan – a commitment to prioritise gender in climate action for the next nine years – is significant progress, but it is not victory. Women and communities in the Global South are already leading the solutions; now countries like the UK must stop blocking ambition, deliver real finance, and match the courage of those fighting for their future as we fight for all of our futures.” Nature is our greatest ally, says Zoe Quiroz-Cullen at Fauna & Flora: “We welcome that Cop30 has explicitly stated that we cannot build a better and more resilient future for people without protecting the mountain, ocean and land-based ecosystems that help protect us all. Adaptation finance must now rapidly target ecosystem-based strategies led by local people.” 8.05pm GMT The end of the fossil fuel era is inching closer but there is a long way to go to keep people safe, my colleagues Fiona Harvey, Damian Carrington, Jonathan Watts and Damien Gayle write from Belém. The world edged a small step closer to the end of the fossil fuel era on Saturday, but not by nearly enough to stave off the ravages of climate breakdown. Countries meeting in Brazil for two weeks could manage only a voluntary agreement to begin discussions on a roadmap to an eventual phase-out of fossil fuels, and they achieved this incremental progress only in the teeth of implacable opposition from oil-producing countries. The talks were hauled back from the brink of collapse in an all-night session into Saturday morning, after a bitter standoff between a coalition of more than 80 developed and developing countries, and a group led by Saudi Arabia and its allies, and Russia. There was disappointment from campaigners, but relief that the talks had produced at least some progress. Developing countries achieved part of their goal at the global talks, which was a tripling of the financial support available from rich countries to help them adapt to the impacts of the climate crisis. They should receive $120bn (£92bn) a year for adaptation, from the $300bn developed countries pledged to them last year, but not until 2035, instead of the 2030 deadline they were demanding. Many had also hoped the increase would be on top of the $300bn. A roadmap to the halting of deforestation was dropped from the final deal, a bitter disappointment for nature advocates at this “rainforest Cop” held in Belém, near the mouth of the Amazon River. The agreement among 194 countries – excluding the US, which did not send a delegation – was reached in the early morning after 12 hours of nonstop extra-time talks among ministers in deserted conference halls, and completed at a closing meeting at 1.35pm, after negotiations were hauled back from the brink of collapse on Friday evening. Jennifer Morgan, the Cop veteran and former German climate envoy, said: “While far from what’s needed, the outcome in Belém is meaningful progress. The Paris agreement is working, the transition away from fossil fuels agreed in Dubai [at the Cop28 talks in 2023] is accelerating. Despite the efforts of major oil-producing states to slow down the green transition, multilateralism continues to support the interests of the whole world in tackling the climate crisis.” Mohamed Adow, director of the Power Shift Africa thinktank, said: “With an increasingly fractured geopolitical backdrop, Cop30 gave us some baby steps in the right direction, but considering the scale of the climate crisis, it has failed to rise to the occasion. Despite calling themselves climate leaders, developed countries have betrayed vulnerable nations by failing to deliver science-aligned national emission reduction plans.” Read the full story here. Related: End of fossil fuel era inches closer as Cop30 deal agreed after bitter standoff 7.59pm GMT In somewhat lighter news, Germany appears to have smoothed things over with Brazil after a minor diplomatic spat broke out during the climate summit. Upon his return from Belém earlier this month, gaffe-prone Chancellor Friedrich Merz prompted outrage across Brazil by saying that the German journalists he travelled with couldn’t wait to leave. This evening, Merz posted a photo of himself shaking hands with the Brazilian President, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, at the G20 in South Africa. He said they had a “very good” meeting. “Next time in Belém, I’ll explore more – from dance steps to local food and the rainforest,” said Merz. Lula had responded to Merz’s initial comments by suggesting the German Chancellor should have gone to a bar and had a dance, adding that Berlin couldn’t even offer 10% of the quality of life that Belém had. Very good meeting you again today, President @LulaOficial. Next time in Belém, I'll explore more - from dance steps to local food and the rainforest. Looking forward to strengthening our relationship as partners and friends. pic.twitter.com/uiSVPv7eev— Bundeskanzler Friedrich Merz (@bundeskanzler) November 22, 2025 7.40pm GMT Simon Stiell, the UN Climate Change Executive Secretary, is celebrating reaching a deal. He writes: We knew this COP would take place in stormy political waters. Denial, division and geopolitics has dealt international cooperation some heavy blows this year. But friends. COP30 showed that climate cooperation is alive and kicking, keeping humanity in the fight for a livable planet, with a firm resolve to keep 1.5C within reach. I’m not saying we’re winning the climate fight. But we are undeniably still in it, and we are fighting back. He adds, in a clear reference to the US, after President Trump pulled the country out of the Paris agreement and did not send a delegation to the summit: This year there has been a lot of attention on one country stepping back. But amid the gale-force political headwinds, 194 countries stood firm in solidarity – rock-solid in support of climate cooperation. 194 countries representing billions of people have said in one voice that “the Paris Agreement is working”, and resolved to make it go further and faster. … For the first time, 194 nations said in unison: ‘…the global transition to low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilience is irreversible and the trend of the future.’ This is a political and market signal that cannot be ignored. Updated at 7.56pm GMT 7.35pm GMT Petrostates are losing power, says Al Gore The world has passed “peak petrostate”, says former US Vice President Al Gore. “Ultimately, petrostates, the fossil fuel industry, and their allies are losing power,” he said. “Just as we have passed peak Trump, I believe we have also passed peak petrostate. They may be able to veto diplomatic language, but they can’t veto real-world action. Countries, companies, cities, and states worldwide are moving forward to adopt the clean energy solutions that will create jobs, grow economies, and prevent the health catastrophes associated with burning fossil fuels.” Petrostates such as Saudi Arabia have put up some of the biggest opposition to tackling the root cause of the dangerous overheating of the atmosphere. Gore said petrostates and their political allies were doing “everything they can” to try to stop the world from making progress on solving the climate crisis. “They fiercely opposed what would have been the most important step forward at COP30: the development of a roadmap away from fossil fuels, wanting nothing more than for the world to kick the oil can down the road.” Updated at 9.21pm GMT 7.26pm GMT Turkey – the host of next year’s Cop – has taken the floor to praise its role on the global stage and underline its climate credentials. The country had been criticised for its refusal to stand down in a face-off over the role with Australia, which had overwhelming support within its group to host the conference but ultimately pulled out this week to resolve the dilemma. As an unusual compromise, Australian climate minister Chris Bowen is expected to take charge of the negotiations next year, while Turkey hosts the event in the Mediterranean resort city Antalya. Updated at 7.26pm GMT 7.14pm GMT The passing of the gender item has sparked backlash from a number of countries, with Russia, Argentina and Paraguay taking the microphone to argue against gender-inclusive language and for a sex-based definition of men and women. The Holy See – Vatican City – had made similar comments earlier tonight. Updated at 7.15pm GMT 7.05pm GMT Do Lago has just gavelled through a number of remaining items on the agenda, from finance to gender, leaning back and smiling as applause breaks out across the room. The floor is again open for statements. 6.51pm GMT Panama has also hit back on Russian comments comparing Latin American countries to children who want to get all their sweets immediately. “Children are extremely intelligent and visionary. And as the region, we will continue pushing for transformative decisions. We wish we’d all behave like children to work for a better future – instead of [like] futureless adults.” Updated at 6.56pm GMT 6.45pm GMT India, on behalf of the BASIC countries group (Brazil, South Africa, India, and China), has praised the Cop Presidency – one of the rare voices of support in what appears to be a rather tense plenary session. “We look forward to working closely to ensure today’s outcome takes us in the right direction for climate action.” The intervention comes after some heated comments – including one pointed intervention from Russia, delivered in Spanish, that appeared to aggravate some Latin American delegates – and a number of criticisms of the Presidency before Do Lago suspended the proceedings. 6.28pm GMT The plenary has resumed after “extensive consultations” and Do Lago has confirmed that the decisions that were gavelled through earlier tonight have been adopted – despite objections from Colombia and others who had raised objections and said their requests to speak had been ignored. “I deeply regret I was not made aware of the requests of the Parties to take the floor,” said Do Lago. “[Like] many of you, I have not slept and probably this has not helped – as well as my advanced age.” Updated at 6.33pm GMT 5.49pm GMT Plenary revolt forces suspension Brazil’s Cop30 presidency has had to suspend plenary discussions after a revolt from delegates who complain documents are being “gavelled” through without agreement. So far half a dozen negotiators, including the European Union, Colombia, Panama and Switzerland, have refused to accept texts, saying Cop president André Correa do Lago brought down the hammer without recognition of their requests to be heard. The Cop30 president tried to deal with the first few voices of dissent by saying they would be included in the final report. When the list grew, he admitted, “I am sorry I haven’t seen the flags.” Finally, he was forced to suspend the session, after multiple fierce challenges from Colombia, including a potentially dynamite objection to the mitigation work programme. After this, the presidency entered into closed consultations. Colombia, which has been pushing hard for more ambition to transition away from fossil fuels throughout this COP, said it was frustrated that language previously agreed by consensus is now being vetoed. Its delegate said that Colombia “wanted to move forward… based on science… with Indigenous people, with peasants and with campesinos [peasant farmers]… but we feel we can’t.” Updated at 6.57pm GMT 5.42pm GMT The final Cop30 text included an added reference to the “UAE consensus”, seen by some as an oblique way to reference fossil fuels. All nations agreed in UAE at Cop28 in 2023 to “transition away from fossil fuels”. The earlier text had no references at all. But Cop expert Dr Joanna Depledge, at Cambridge University, said the added reference was a rollback: “The reference to ‘the United Arab Emirates Consensus’ in the text is not a win, it is a rollback. This is because the UAE Consensus is [wider than the specific] decision taken in Dubai which included the historic language on transitioning away from fossil fuels. The UAE Consensus is a much broader package, including fully eight decisions adopted in Dubai on a whole range of issues. The Dubai fossil fuel transition language is therefore being deliberately diluted and obscured, not highlighted.” Updated at 6.40pm GMT 5.40pm GMT The plenary session has been suspended after angry objections from Colombia and others. More to come… 5.19pm GMT The biggest cheers so far of the closing plenary were for the Brazilian presidency’s promises to take forward the idea of a roadmap for an end of deforestation and a phase out of fossil fuels. André Correa do Lago said this was an important issue that must move forward even though there had not been a consensus at Cop30. “Youth and civil society will demand us to do more to fight climate change. I will try not to disappoint you during my presidency,” he said. “I will create two roadmaps; one on halting and reversing deforestation and the other to transition away from fossil fuels in a just, orderly and equitable manner.” This is a voluntary action, but under the yearlong Brazilian presidency it will have a heightened global prominence. Correa do Lago said the roadmap has the support of President Lula of Brazil. He said the Cop30 presidency would organise high-level dialogues over the coming 12 months that will be lead by science and involve governments, industry and civil society. Once complete, he said they would report back to COP. He said these discussions would benefit from a planned first conference on the phase out of fossil fuels scheduled to take place in Colombia next April. Updated at 6.41pm GMT 5.16pm GMT Key Outcomes Here’s a summary of the key outcomes of Cop30: Perhaps most of all, while getting close to collapse, the talks delivered a deal, showing multilateral cooperation between 194 states can work even in a world in geopolitical turmoil. Nations agreed to tripled funding for adaptation – the money provided by rich nations and desperately needed by vulnerable countries to protect their people – but the goal of roughly $120bn a year was pushed back five years to 2035. Fossil fuels were not mentioned in the key final decision – petrostates including Saudi Arabia and allies fought fiercely to keep that out. A commitment to a roadmap to transition away from fossil fuels was not part of the formal deal in Belém, but Brazil backed an initiative outside the UN process, building on plan backed by Colombia and about 90 other nations. There was a similar roadmap to end deforestation, also backed by about 90 nations. Cop30 was deliberately sited in the Amazon and the lack of significant measures in the key Cop30 text is a disappointment. However, Brazil did launch the Tropical Forests Forever Facility, again outside the UN process, but an investment fund that will pay nations to keep trees standing. A big outcome, welcomed by civil society, was the agreement of a Just Transition Mechanism, a plan agreed by all nations to ensure that the move to a green economy around the world takes place fairly and protects the rights of all people, including workers, women and indigenous people. Efforts early in the talks to attach funding to it failed. Pressure to address the huge gap between the emissions cuts pledged by nations and those needed to keep the overshoot of 1.5C to a minimum ended with weaker measures than progressive nations wanted – an “accelerator” programme to address the shortfall which will report back at next year’s Cop. 5.14pm GMT Canada echoed the concerns of the EU and Switzerland on the global goal on adaptation, and asked the Presidency to address points of order raised by Panama and Uruguay. It also expressed “strong concerns” that the text across three agenda items conflate the rights of Indigenous peoples with local communities – in a manner that is inconsistent with the UN declaration on the rights of Indigenous peoples. “This Cop in the Amazon cannot be seen to adaopt outcomes that walk back the important progress and breakthroughs in recognising the rights of Indigenous peoples and their climate leadership.” 5.09pm GMT Sierra Leone said it would work to evolve the framework of the global goal on adaptation till it meets it needs. “We must ask ourselves, how are we helping the most vulnerable if this is the quality of the outcomes we call ambition? What message does it send when a process built to elevate our needs ends by diminishing expert work and overlooking the realities of those on the frontlines.” 5.06pm GMT Mohamed Adow, Director, Power Shift Africa, said: “With an increasingly fractured geopolitical backdrop, Cop30 gave us some baby steps in the right direction, but considering the scale of the climate crisis, it has failed to rise to the occasion. “Despite calling themselves climate leaders, developed countries have betrayed vulnerable nations by both failing to deliver science-aligned national emission reduction plans “COP30 was supposed to have a big focus on raising funds to help vulnerable nations adapt to climate change. But European nations have undermined these talks and stripped away the protections poor countries were seeking in Belem. “Europe, which colonised much of the global south, and then imperilled it further through its industrialised carbon emissions, now works against even efforts to help it adapt to the climate crisis.” Natalie Unterstell, president of Instituto Talanoa in Brazil, said: “The pledge to triple adaptation finance is welcome, as it answers the call of the least developed countries and a global coalition. But moving the goalpost to 2035 dilutes ambition. Adaptation can’t wait, especially as the finance for developing nations has been decreasing while climate impacts accelerate.” Updated at 5.11pm GMT 5.06pm GMT The European Union has also said it cannot accept the global goal on adaptation in its current form, arguing that the indicators are unclear and cannot be used for the main purpose, and that they were not in line with articles in previous climate agreements. “We will share our targeted changes in writing but I’m afraid we join others in not being able to support these indicators at this moment.” Updated at 5.24pm GMT 5.03pm GMT Switzerland has also criticised the global goal on adaptation, highlighting the lack of time to discuss the final text and the use of indicators not selected directly from the technical expert list. 4.57pm GMT Panama has laid into the Cop Presidency for not delivering the transparent process that was promised. “I raise my flag and you ignore it. I raise a point of order and you ignore it. I sustain it, and it keeps being ignored.” On the substance, Panama said it could not endorse an outcome for the global goal on adaptation that “takes us backwards”. The delegate complained that months and years, of expert work had been replaced by placeholders. 4.53pm GMT The first countries to speak, Argentina and then Chile, have pushed backs on parts of what was just agreed, with Chile criticising the negotiation of already-agreed procedures - “this frustrates us, deeply.” 4.47pm GMT “I know some of you had higher ambitions,” said Do Lago. “I know youth and civil society will demand we do more.” He said he would drive to do that in his year at Cop30 president. He then announced two road maps, one to end deforestation and one to transition away from fossil fuels. However, these are not part of the UN process, and therefore not backed by all 195 countries. Nonetheless, with around 90 countries backing both, there is hope they could help push forward action. 4.41pm GMT The deal has been gavelled through Cop President André Corrêa do Lago has just gavelled through the deal after a night of long negotiations that has left many countries unhappy. The hammer went down on a series of major agreements without country discussions in the final plenary. More to follow in minutes… Updated at 4.52pm GMT 4.34pm GMT Cop President André Corrêa do Lago has just opened the final plenary session of the Cop30 climate summit. We’ve put a livestream at the top of this page and will be following the developments closely. 4.04pm GMT Hello, it’s Ajit Niranjan here in Berlin, taking over from my colleague Patrick Greenfield. Our brilliant reporters on the ground in Belém will continue to bring you the latest as the Cop30 climate summit draws to a close. 3.51pm GMT The Amazon Cop that neglected the forest The just-released, supposedly final, draft “multirao” agreement of the first COP summit in the Amazon has only one vague mention of the rainforest despite warnings from scientists and indigenous leaders that nature must be at the heart of any successful climate action The single reference to the world’s biggest tropical forest in this core negotiating text is in the preamble, which describes where the climate talks are taking place and what was agreed in the past: “Mindful of being in the heart of the Amazon and emphasising the importance of conserving, protecting and restoring nature and ecosystems towards achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goal, including through enhanced efforts towards halting and reversing deforestation and forest degradation by 2030 in accordance with Article 5 of the Paris Agreement, and other terrestrial and marine ecosystems acting as sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases and conserving biodiversity, while ensuring robust social and environmental safeguards,” the text reads. There are indirect mentions in sections related to the global stock take. On the fringes, Brazil will also claim it has taken a step forward on this topic with the creation of the Tropical Forests Forever Facility. The hosts can also point to the inclusion of language in the main multirao document “on the rights of Indigenous Peoples, as well as their land rights and traditional knowledge” and a first, though not-very-substantive mention of people of African descent. During this conference, the Brazilian government has announced the demarcation of new indigenous and quilombola territories. But the dearth of substantial action on forests in the text is likely to strengthen the argument of critics that the Amazon was merely a setting for the conference. The Brazilian environment minister Marina Silva had tried to include a roadmap on ending deforestation among the core agreements at Belém, but this idea was killed because it was tied into a roadmap on ending dependency on fossil fuels, which was blocked by Saudi Arabia and other oil-producing nations in the middle east. The tying of those two topics appears to have been either a horrendous diplomatic blunder or sabotage by the Brazilian foreign ministry. Before the document was presented to the plenary, Ana Toni, the executive director of Cop30, said she had hoped there would be progress on deforestation in the final text.” Let’s take a look. We helped to put it in place. There will certainly be movement in this area.. So we hope it has been included. And if it hasn’t, the presidency of the Cop is totally compromised.” In a separate mitigation document, forests are mentioned 10 times and there is a reference to some climate-related causes of destruction: “The challenges in addressing drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, into account the need to be mindful of pursuing sustainable development and food security, and the challenges in addressing increasing climate-related risks such as wildfires, droughts, pests and diseases, and higher temperatures, including though sustainable and climate-adaptive forest management.” However, it does not make explicit the main threat to the forest, which comes from the expansion of agribusiness, mining and infrastructure projects. Those industrial groups dominate Brazil’s congress and several of them, including JBS (Brazil and the world’s biggest meat company) and Vale (Brazil’s biggest mining company) have been sponsors of COP30. In response to this latest draft of the Mutirão decision, Carolina Pasquali, Executive Director of Greenpeace Brazil, said the more than 90 countries that wanted a roadmap for the end of deforestation were left empty-handed: “The proposed final text that has just been published is far from being an adequate response to the crisis we are facing. It does not treat the crisis as a crisis; it provides neither a map nor a path for the transition away from fossil fuels and for the end of deforestation by 2030, and it does not guarantee that the resources necessary for adaptation, absolutely essential for developing countries, will actually be mobilized by developed countries.” Anders Haug Larsen, Director of Advocacy at Rainforest Foundation Norway was similarly underwhelmed: “It is disappointing that countries did not agree to develop concrete plans to halt deforestation and phase out fossil fuels. But President Lula and Minister Marina Silva deserve praise for keeping the idea of roadmaps alive, taking on the effort to lead the development of these roadmaps until COP31. We count on all countries to engage with this initiative over the next year to develop meaningful roadmaps for fossil fuels and ending deforestation by 2030.” Updated at 3.58pm GMT 3.42pm GMT Reaction to the draft deal keeps coming in. Professor Michael Jacobs of the think tank ODI Global and the University of Sheffield said: The implacable opposition of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Russia and India to any language here on transitioning away from fossil fuels – the long-term goal agreed by all countries, including them, at the COP two years ago – reveals an increasingly bitter conflict at the heart of global climate politics. It is between those who accept the scientific fact that to deal with climate change the world must wean itself off fossil fuels over the coming decades; and those who are actively resisting this in pursuit of their short term energy interests. The United States was not present here. But it is inconceivable that the COP was not discussed in Donald Trump’s remarkably friendly meeting in the White House with Saudi Arabian leader Mohammed bin Salman this week - or that it was not a part of Trump’s reversion to the Russian side in the Ukraine war, also this week. I think today we have witnessed what the three countries have agreed. Geopolitically, this is the creation of a new Axis of Obstruction - actively promoting fossil fuels and opposed to climate action. 3.24pm GMT The final text is out and has changed from earlier texts My colleague Damian Carrington has gone through the mutirão decision text. These are his reflections. The final version of the key Cop30 text is out – the Brazilian presidency will hope it has got all 194 countries on board and can be passed in the closing plenary. Countries can object to items they don’t like in plenary but that would be a nuclear option at this point. Here’s two key parts that have changed from the text issued early yesterday, which was heavily criticised by the EU, Latin nations and others pushing for strong climate action. There is no mention of fossil fuels – the root cause of the climate crisis – due to fierce opposition from petrostates including Saudi Arabia and allies. But there is a new, if coded, reference to the agreement sealed at Cop28 in Dubai in 2023 to transition away from fossil fuels, which was part of a package called the UAE consensus. The added text says countries should implement their climate plans “taking into account the decisions … such as the United Arab Emirates Consensus”. This might not seem like much of a win, but in the jargon-heavy world of UN climate texts, it counts. The new text also sets up a high-level meeting on the issue for 2026, which is important for continuing progress. The second key issue is adaptation finance – that is funding to protect people from the impacts of extreme weather and other climate-fuelled impacts – and vital for vulnerable countries. The earlier text included a goal of tripling adaptation finance - a significant win for vulnerable countries. They wanted a firmer commitment in the final text. But just two words appear to have been added: “at least”. The new text reads: Cop30 “calls for efforts to at least triple adaptation finance by 2035”. That’s a small improvement but there’s a catch. The date of delivery has been pushed back by five years. The text also makes clear that the adaptation finance is part of the $300bn a year that was agreed last year at Cop29, to be provided from developed to developing countries. Many of the latter wanted it to be additional. We will see when the plenary starts how countries react, but I can imagine poorer nations, who have done little to cause the climate crisis, being very angry about this. As one developing country negotiator told the Guardian: “For my people, adaptation is not just a word that is bandied around at a Cop. It means survival. It means the difference between putting food on the table and lining up for humanitarian relief. It means whether crops fail or not. It means whether livestock live or die for lack of water.” Updated at 4.19pm GMT 3.08pm GMT Global North countries have been accused of using their apparently cast-iron commitment to a roadmap to phase out fossil fuels as a bargaining chip to dodge their responsibilities to provide climate finance. There was some surprise among Cop30 attendees on Saturday that a final text appeared without reference to the phase-out plan, after dozens of countries said they would walk out if it was not included. The European commissioner for climate, Wopke Hoekstra, even went so far as to say that the deal on offer was so inadequate that countries may leave with no agreement. But when the final mutirão cover texts dropped on Saturday morning without any mention of the roadmap – or even of fossil fuels – some civil society campaigners said they suspected its jettisoning was in exchange for watering down commitments on adaptation finance, which had been a key demand of developing countries. Filipino climate activist Lidy Nacpil, said the final offer on adaptation finance was well below what had been asked for. She said: “We’re not happy about the adaptation finance bit, although we recognise that the Brazilian presidency worked hard to keep it in, because this is the main major real issue, apparently, of the EU. So all the circus about the roadmap was leveraging the watered down sections of the text they don’t want.” Nacpil said that approach – choosing a single issue to make take a hard position on in the negotiations – had been used by global north countries at previous Cops. She went on: “Because if you if you look at the actual conduct of these governments, if they were really serious about the road map, they would have put it in their NDCs, they would have set an example. And they haven’t. Right? “If they’re really serious about phasing out, why has Europe been pushing for the expansion of gas, in light of the the invasion of Ukraine and its impact on energy prices? Surely they have turned to other sources like renewable energy? “It’s much easier to have this simplified although very deceptive narrative that, oh, we’re for ambition and it’s the other side that doesn’t want ambition.” 2.57pm GMT Our friends at Carbon Brief have published a snap analysis of the new mutirão decision text. “Calls for” tripling of adaptation finance by 2035, 5 years later than an early draft. No explicit reference to fossil fuels or a roadmap away from their use. “Calls on” parties to pursue “full implementation of NDCs while striving to do better” “Reiterates resolve” to pursue efforts to 1.5C and to minimise overshoot “Emphasises” importance of halting and reversing deforestation by 2030 Ministerial roundtable on $300bn climate finance goal Carbon Brief also said the presidency was likely to announce a Brazilian-led initiative to transition away from fossil fuels at the end of the Cop. 2.48pm GMT The deal at Cop30 due to be confirmed shortly is “meaningful progress”, according to Jennifer Morgan, a Cop veteran and former special envoy and state secretary for climate change for Germany. It helps accelerate the phase out of fossil fuels, despite a plan for a roadmap to transition from fossil fuels being blocked from the final summit text. “While far from what’s needed, the outcome in Belém is meaningful progress,” she said. “The Paris Agreement is working. The transition away from fossil fuels agreed [at Cop28 in 2023] in Dubai is accelerating, and despite the efforts of major oil producing states to slow down the green transition, multilateralism continues to support the interests of the whole world in tackling the climate crisis.” The Guardian understands the Cop28 agreement to transition away from fossil fuels will be referenced in the text under the overall package it was contained in, the UAE consensus. A roadmap to transition from fossil fuels is expected to be announced, outside the formal UN process but backed by the Brazilian Cop30 presidency and working with the Colombian-led group of nations committed to a road map. “I think creating a roadmap together gives us a chance that the less developed countries would actually have a more just chance at this transition” Morgan said. “If it’s just ad hoc, every country for itself, fighting to produce the last drop of oil, the big guys now are going to win.” 2.43pm GMT The key mutirão decision text has been published. Our reporters are working through it and will bring you the highlights when we have them. 2.29pm GMT In the corridors on the way to the closing plenary, Ana Toni, the executive director of Cop30, expressed disappointment about the absence of a roadmap for a transition away from fossil fuels in the final text. “It is frustrating in the sense that this is something that is necessary to deal with the climate crisis,” she said. “There wasn’t a consensus about this,“ she said. “But with Brazil holding the presidency of COP, we can do things. We will do things… There will be a year of the Brazilian presidency.” On the subject of financing for adaptation - a key Brazilian goal from this conference - she declared victory. “It’s a vital topic for small island nations, for the most vulnerable countries in Africa, in Latin America. And we really wanted adaptation to be included. For the result we expect to come out, we are very happy.” On the topic of deforestation - a key issue, given this is the first Cop to take place in the Amazon rainforest - Toni said Brazil hoped there to see progress in the final text. “Let’s take a look. We helped to propose (this topic). There will certainly be movement in this area... So we hope that has been included. And if there isn’t, the presidency of the Cop is totally compromised,” she said. Updated at 2.31pm GMT 2.18pm GMT We have some texts, but we do not have the big one yet (the global mutirão decision). So far, we have the final versions on the mitigation work programme, the global stocktake, gender, loss and damage, and the global environment facility. We will bring you more when we have it. 2.00pm GMT Civil society campaigners from the developing world have accused the rich countries of spreading “duplicitous narratives” over their role in the Cop30 climate talks over the past fortnight. As the talks in Belém, Brazil, passed the deadline for their resolution on Friday, European countries indicated they would walk away from any deal that did not include a commitment for “roadmap” to phase out fossil fuels. Sources blamed members of a group known as the “like-minded developing countries”, a loose grouping which includes Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran and Bolivia for rejecting the wording. But civil society groups, who are permitted to observe negotiations where the media are not, said the global north had refused the finance to make such a transition plausible. “We want this to be a Cop of truth, as the Cop presidency has said it should be,” said Lidy Nacpil, the Filipino social justice activist who is coordinator of the Asian Peoples’ Movement on Debt and Development, late on Friday. “And the narrative that is the developing countries that are not ambitious is not the truth. It is part of many duplicitous narratives that are coming out of this Cop and have come out of previous Cops.” Speaking at an impromptu press conference in the halls of the conference centre where the summit had gone into extra time, Nacpil said: “We are the first people who have the greatest at stake, for a rapid, equitable, and just transition out of fossil fuels. “But we cannot accept this circus over a roadmap that is offering us nothing. We cannot accept that this roadmap is now being held as an instrument to hold hostage all the other demands that we have that are equally urgent. So we reject a roadmap that has nothing in it, no climate finance, no clear commitment to a just transition, in fact, blocking it at every step.” Tasneem Essop, of Climate Action Network International, said the EU, the UK and other rich countries had blocked progress on every single issue the developing world had asked for. She said: “They blocked everything that the Global South needs from this Cop. And yet here we are with the EU claiming to be champions at this moment of the Cop, going out to the media declaring that they will walk out if they don’t get a road map on fossil fuels. There’s no substance to that road map.” Updated at 2.22pm GMT 1.57pm GMT Even though we do not yet have a final agreement in Brazil, some have already seen enough. Writing in the Conversation this morning, Earth system scientists James Dyke and Johan Rockström say that the prospect of limiting global heating to 1.5C is over. They say that it could be brought back below that level in time, however. This is an extract of what they have written. The world lost the climate gamble. Now it faces a dangerous new reality Ten years ago the world’s leaders placed a historic bet. The 2015 Paris agreement aimed to put humanity on a path to avert dangerous climate change. A decade on, with the latest climate conference ending in Belém, Brazil, without decisive action, we can definitively say humanity has lost this bet. Warming is going to exceed 1.5°C. We are heading into “overshoot” within the next few years. The world is going to become more turbulent and more dangerous. So, what comes after failure? Our attempt to answer that question gathered the Earth League – an international network of scientists we work with – for a meeting in Hamburg earlier this year. After months of intensive deliberation, its findings were published this week, with the conclusion that humanity is “living beyond limits”. Exceed 1.5°C and not only do extreme climate events, like droughts, floods, fires and heatwaves grow in number and severity, impacting billions of people, we also approach tipping points for large Earth regulating systems like the Amazon rainforest and the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets. Tropical coral reef systems, livelihood for over 200 million people, are unlikely to cope with overshoot. This translates to existential risks for billions of people. Not far in the future, but within the next few years for extreme events, and within decades for tipping points. 1.45pm GMT We are close to the beginning of the plenary. Our reporters on the ground say that delegates are rushing to the room. If you would like to watch along, the livestream will appear here. 1.39pm GMT Fossil fuel road map will not be in final agreement – Cop30 president Cop30 president Andre Correa do Lago has said that a roadmap for phasing out fossil fuels will not be in the final agreement, and Brazil will take charge of the issue separately instead. Speaking on Instagram around 8:10am local time, do Lago said he was positive that countries would back the agreement and that they had been in the negotiating halls into the early hours. “Countries worked together really well,” he told the camera. At the end, do Lago says more on adaptation financing has been added to the text, but not language on phasing out fossil fuels, the main driver of global heating. Instead, the Brazilian government will oversee this as its own Cop30 initiative after the summit. Updated at 1.44pm GMT 1.23pm GMT On the ground in Belem, the mood has changed ahead of the final plenary, which will begin in around 40 minutes. “After a sleepless night in Belém, negotiations have moved in a more positive direction than many feared 12 hours ago. What’s emerging is a compromise that advances 1.5°C action, adaptation, and trade - and includes a provision that may not be called a ‘fossil fuel roadmap,’ but is clearly meant to achieve the same end. Brazil deserves credit for the energy it has invested across this COP cycle but must keep pushing. The next few hours will be pivotal in deciding whether COP30 stumbles or sprints across the finish line,” says Clare Shakya, global managing director of climate with the Nature Conservancy. In the venue, people are already busy packing up pavilions. As my colleague Damian Carrington snapped this morning, the Saudis are already shutting up shop. 1.08pm GMT The US – by its absence not presence – has had a major impact on what appears likely to be a disappointing deal at the Cop30 climate summit. This is because the US is the only country with the power to influence Saudi Arabia, observers say. The oil-rich kingdom has a decades-long history of obstructing the climate talks to protect its lucrative industry and has been widely blamed here in Belém for leading efforts to block any mention of fossil fuels. With Donald Trump calling climate change a “con job”, the US did not send a delegation to Cop30 and is withdrawing from the Paris agreement. Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman had a friendly meeting with Trump on Tuesday. “Unfortunately with the departure of the US, we have lost one of the most powerful countries,” said Tom Rivett-Carnac, political strategist to the UN climate chief when the Paris agreement was done. “In the years when I was involved in Cops, when the US is really behind an agreement and really wants to make it happen, and is prepared to exert its economic authority in bringing, for example, the Saudi Arabians round, then we can really do things,” he told the BBC. “The trouble I think we are experiencing in Brazil is we don’t have that big push from the US and there is an emboldened attitude among the oil producing countries who feel there won’t be a consequence for them if they delay.” Sources inside the negotiations have made the same point to the Guardian. The diplomatic might of the US, under presidents backing climate action, has often been a key factor in getting Cop deals over the line. In October, bullying tactics by the US and a vote called by Saudi Arabia killed a plan to place a small levy on the carbon emissions on shipping. 12.43pm GMT What happens if too many people leave the summit? As Cop30 continues to overrun, a growing concern is what happens if delegates start to leave the venue. For all UN meetings, a key percentage of government need to be in the room. If it slips below that figure, the meeting is adjourned and everyone goes home. The excellent Ed King wrote about this in his Climate Diplomacy Brief this morning: Quorum is key: as cruise ships leave, many delegates have nowhere to stay tonight and will be heading out. Pacific delegates and many UN staffers are among those impacted. Brazil faces a race against time. Lula faces the prospect of explaining to G20 leaders why a summit he hoped would propel him to election victory in 2026 has ended in abject failure, with little to no support from his Brics allies and Saudi Arabia, which tried to kill efforts to talk cuts on Friday. Remember, while large countries can have delegations of a few dozen people, many developing countries only send one or two representatives. If you need to fly home from Belem to a Pacific island or central Africa, bookings are hard to move. At the biodiversity Cop16 in Cali last year, the meeting ended in disarray after too many negotiators were forced to head home. The meeting had to be completed in Rome a few months later. That is a scenario we cannot rule out. Updated at 12.46pm GMT 12.31pm GMT Ahead of the final plenary, I checked in with our environment editor Fiona Harvey in Belem to ask what we might expect in the next couple of hours. The word on the ground is that we should expect a final plenary to begin in the next 90 minutes or so. But in truth, it is unclear. This is what she told me: It’s as clear as mud. They have called the plenary for 10am Belem time but we don’t know what is happening to the text or if they will try to gavel something through without that. It could be that there’s a plenary and then it adjourns quite quickly for people to finish the negotiations – or they just try to barrel it all through. We just do not know. Meanwhile, ministers are arriving at the venue. 12.25pm GMT Good morning and welcome to our coverage of Cop30 in Belem. We are at the business end of the climate summit. Today appears to be the day that we will get an agreement in some form, but anything is still possible at this stage. Delegates are tired – ministers will have likely negotiated into the early hours – and return flights are getting closer. We are still waiting for a revised text for governments to debate at a closing plenary, which is set to begin at 10am local time (1pm in London). But as always, timings are flexible. Cop30 president Andre Correa do Lago has arrived at the venue. He was photographed whispering into his phone a few minutes ago. Countries appear to be still far apart on any agreement to draw up a roadmap to transition away from fossil fuels. Can do Lago and his negotiating team thread the needle? If you would like to catch up on the state of play, our reporters on the ground have been hard at work summarising proceedings. Here is a summary of the headlines: The UK energy secretary Ed Miliband said a deal to create a roadmap away from fossil fuels needed to happen “one way or another” – even if it was a voluntary process. One representative from a country vulnerable to the climate crisis said: “Sometimes it’s like we are arguing with robots.” Observers claimed the Arab group of nations had warned any mention of phasing out fossil fuels in final negotiations would see the talks collapse. The architect of the Paris climate deal, Laurence Tubiana, said countries should not fear pursuing a deal on a roadmap. Turkey and Australia has agreed to the details on hosting next year’s Cop31 summit, that will be held in Turkey. Turkey will take on the Cop31 presidency and an Australian – energy minister Chris Bowen – will be appointed vice-president and “president of negotiations” Africa governments were still pushing for a tripling of the finance available from rich countries to help the poor world adapt to the impacts of the climate crisis. AP reported that Juan Carlos Monterrey Gomez, a top negotiator for Panama, had said the decades-long United Nations process risks “becoming a clown show” for the omission of burning of fuels such as oil, gas and coal as causes of global warming from the final text. Updated at 12.46pm GMT